Construction and operation of lead-acid battery used in automobiles
Roberto Magalhães
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CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF LEAD-ACID BATTERY
Container :The container is made of hard rubber or acid-resistant plastic. It is divided into compartments. Each compartment forms a 2v cell. Spaces for sediment collection are provided at the bottom of the container bridge. This avoids the danger of shock to the circuit.
Plate : There are two types of positive and negative battery plate. Each plate is made from a frame or rigid of an alloy of lead and antimony. The function of the grid to retain active material and carry current. The active material on the positive plate is red LED (Pb3O4) and on the negative plate it is Litharge (PbO). The negative plate group contains a plate more than positive plate group.
battery construction and operation
Separator : To avoid direct contact and therefore short circuit between the positive and negative plates, a thin sheet of some non-conductive material is inserted between them, called a separator.
Cell Coverage:
They are molded from hard rubber, each cell cover contains hole for positive and negative plate, ventilation and filling opening. Vents are provided to escape gas.
Electrolyte : After complete assembly, the battery is filled with electrolyte. It is a solution of sulfuric acid (H2So4) that contains approximately one part sulfuric acid and two parts water by volume.
BATTERY OPERATION
The potential difference between two metals, which are immersed in an electrolyte, is called the cell voltage. A battery converts chemical energy from the metal submerged in the electrolyte into electrical energy through the electrochemical oxidation-reduction process.
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Battery chemical reaction discharge
When the battery terminals are connected to an external load, the sulfate ions in the electrolyte combined with the positive and negative plate form lead sulfate and electrical energy is released. The oxygen in the active material of the positive plate combines with the hydrogen in sulfuric acid to form water, which reduces the acid concentration in the electrolyte. As the discharge is continuous, the electrolyte becomes weaker. Therefore, the voltage becomes lower as the acid concentration reduces. Eventually, the battery loses its power to supply electricity at an impressive voltage and is said to be discharged.
Chemical reaction : Battery charge and discharge chemical reaction
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The active chemical can be restored to the charged state by passing current in the opposite direction. This is said to be the battery charge condition.
battery construction and operation
Battery chemical reaction discharge
Battery charge and discharge chemical reaction
how to charge the battery
