Traffic congestion these days is the biggest problem in densely populated cities. The project mainly focuses on three areas – priority mechanism for emergency vehicles like ambulances, fire engines to control traffic density for its smooth passage and monitoring of traffic intersection. This project is a replica of a four-way crossing in a real-time scenario. The project mainly proposes the problems faced by emergency vehicles.
The RFID concept is used to green the ambulance lane and thus provide a stop-free route for the ambulance.
Secondary importance is given to controlling traffic density by placing IR sensors used to measure the density of vehicles that are fixed at a fixed distance. If the traffic density is high on a certain side, more priority will be given to the side where the vehicular traffic is higher and the green signal will be given to that side of the traffic. By using this system, traffic can be released without irregularities and delays. A Wireless camera is used to monitor vehicle transit time and also monitor problems that may occur at the intersection. A specific allocation of time is given for smooth passage of pedestrians.
Here are snapshots of the final project implementation. 
Fig. 1: Image of the LCD Module showing the status of the Emergency Vehicle
Fig. 2: Prototype of 8051 microcontroller-based traffic management system for emergency vehicles
Fig. 3: Image of LCD Module showing traffic update for Emergency Vehicle
Fig. 4: Image of LCD Module showing traffic update for Emergency Vehicle
Fig. 5: Image of 8051 microcontroller circuit used in traffic management system
Circuit Diagram Explanation
The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance 8-bit CMOS microcontroller with 8K bytes of system-programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel's high-density non-volatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. On-chip Flash allows program memory to be reprogrammed into the system or by a conventional non-volatile memory program.
In this project we use hardware like
RFID module, IR sensor circuits, MAX232 ic etc.
The +5 V regulated power supply is supplied to all parts of the circuit.
The main objective of the project is to continue focusing on three aspects of the traffic control system. They are
1. Priority Mechanism for Emergency Vehicles such as Ambulances, Fire Engines.
2. To control traffic density.
3. Junction monitoring.
The first aspect was implemented using RFID technology to provide priority mechanism for emergency vehicles such as ambulances and firefighters.
Basically, this circuit is a replica of a real-time four-way intersection. This project mainly proposes the problems faced by emergency vehicles. The RFID concept is used to green the ambulance lane and thus provide a stop-free route for the ambulance.
When we turn on the power supply, the circuit first operates in traffic density operation. A prototype was developed to implement this project.
In this circuit, a total of 8 IR sensor circuits are connected in a four-lane traffic intersection. Two IR sensor circuits are connected to each side. Therefore, for the four sides, a total of 8 sensor circuits are connected. We can connect more IR sensor circuits using ARM 7 and ARM 9 controllers. But in this project we only use AT89S52 microcontroller. The AT89S52 microcontroller has only 32 IO pins, but for this project it was not enough, so for each side of the junction we connected only two IR sensor circuits. Totally for four sides, 8 IR sensor circuits in this project. 8 IR sensor circuits connected at P0^0 – P0^7.
The IR sensor is used to measure the density of vehicles placed at a fixed distance. If the traffic density is high on a certain side, more priority is given to that side and the green light is given to that side of traffic.
In this design, two IR sensor circuits are connected on each side. If two sensor circuit outputs
are high, so on that side the traffic density is high. The microcontroller receives the signals from the IR sensor circuits and sends them to the traffic lights to release that side first, displaying the green signal. Signals from the four sides SOUTH, NORTH, EAST and WEST will operate on these mechanisms. The same operation will happen on the other three sides of the junction as well.
In this circuit, a switch is connected to the P3^2 pin of the microcontroller. Pressing the button for 1 or 2 minutes will activate priority operation for emergency vehicles. If any vehicle arrives in any lane, RFID detects the emergency vehicle and sends a data signal to the microcontroller and the microcontroller receives this signal. The microcontroller then sends the necessary signals to the traffic lights to allow emergency vehicles to move. These traffic lights are connected to ports P3^3 (GREEN), P3^4 (RED).
The same operation will take place on the other three sides of the junction. Assuming that on one side two IR sensor circuit outputs are high and on the other side one IR sensor circuit is high, then priority is given to that side of the traffic first. Give the green light to that side and after reducing the traffic density on that side, priority is given to the other three sides of the junction.
A wireless camera is provided at the junction, which will record videos and send them to the Traffic Monitoring Cell through wireless communication.
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Fig. 6: Flowchart of C code used in 8051 microcontroller based traffic management system
Traffic Monitoring Systems
Traffic research aims to optimize the traffic flow of people and goods. As the number of road users constantly increases and the resources provided by current infrastructure are limited, controlling traffic density will become a very important issue in the future. However, there are some limitations to using the Emergency Vehicle Traffic Management system by measuring traffic control density.
Avoiding traffic jams, for example, is considered beneficial for both the environment and the economy, but improving traffic flow can also lead to an increase in demand. There are several models for traffic simulation. In our research, we focused on optimizing the traffic light controller in a city using an IR sensor and developed a visual monitoring system using an 89S52 microcontroller.
Traffic congestion is a serious problem these days. Traffic congestion can also be caused by long delays at traffic lights, etc. The delay of the respective traffic light is encoded in the traffic light and is not dependent on traffic. Therefore, to simulate and optimize traffic control for better and smooth traffic flow, there is a greater need for this type of system. In this article we study the optimization of the traffic light controller in a city using a microcontroller.
Therefore, I propose a multiple traffic light control and monitoring system. The system tries to reduce the possibilities of traffic jams caused by traffic lights to some extent. The system is based on microcontroller. The microcontroller used in the system is the 89S52, which is based on the MCS-51 family. The system contains an IR transmitter and an IR receiver that are mounted on both sides of the roads respectively. The IR system is activated whenever any vehicle passes on the road between the IR transmitter and the IR receiver . The traffic light is located at a certain distance from the IR system. So, based on the vehicle count, the microcontroller sets different intervals for traffic signal delays and updates them accordingly. When there is no density present on all four sides or very limited density, we are able to allow time for pedestrians to cross the junction for their convenience.
Fig. 7: Prototype of 8051 microcontroller based traffic management system for emergency vehicles with IR sensor installation
Forms
· This system can also be implemented at major expressway intersections. This will result in the absence of a traffic inspector at these intersections to supervise the traffic and make it run smoothly.
· This system can also be preferred in metropolitan cities and other urban areas.
· The work carried out by the traffic inspector will be perfectly executed by the circuit's microcontroller with the help of sensors and the program that is coded in the microcontroller.
Advantages disadvantages
Benefits
· The ambulance service will no longer be affected by traffic jams
· Use of radio frequency signal (not blocked by objects, fast)
· In a wide range of applicability
· One-time investment cost
· People's lives are saved
· A modernized way of controlling traffic.
· The number of road accidents can be reduced to a great extent.
· Easy traffic regulation in metro cities like Delhi, Mumbai etc.
Disadvantages
· As infrared waves have line-of-sight transmission, transmission cannot occur through walls, doors, etc. Line-of-sight transmission is blocked by common materials such as people, animals, etc.
· Data transmission rate is lower than normal wired communication
· RFID systems are expensive compared to normal barcode systems.
· RFID technology is difficult to understand.
Conclusion
In this project, we adopted a priority mechanism for emergency vehicles and for higher density areas. We conclude that by using this density based traffic monitoring system method we can save a considerable amount of time and also avoid excessive traffic jams, thus leading to smooth traffic flow.
Project source code
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Circuit diagrams
| Circuit Diagram-8051-Microcontroller Based Traffic Management System-Emergency Vehicles |  |
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