1. Titanium Source
Titanium was first discovered in 1791 by an amateur mineralogist named Gregor from the United Kingdom. In 1795, a German chemist named Klaproth named this unknown metallic substance after the Greek gods, the Titans, which translates to “Titanium” in English.
Titanium is abundant on Earth, with more than 140 known types of titanium minerals. However, the main industrial applications are for ilmenite and rutile. China holds 28% of the world's ilmenite reserves, ranking first globally.
Titanium, a universally recognized non-toxic element, is expensive due to its high mining and production costs. With its ability to withstand high and low temperatures, resist strong acids and bases, its high strength and low density, it has become a specialized material for NASA rockets and satellites.
It is also used in our country's super projects, such as the Jade Rabbit, the J-20 and the Shandong aircraft carrier. After entering the consumer market in the 1980s, its natural antibacterial and biocompatible properties made it the “King of Honor” in the tableware industry.
China's titanium industry began in the 1950s. In the mid-1960s, China established sponge titanium and titanium processing factories in Zunyi and Baoji, respectively, marking China as one of the global powerhouses in the titanium industry .
In the 21st century, China's titanium industry has entered a new period of accelerated development, with its titanium production capacity leading the world.
2. Difference between pure titanium and titanium alloys
Pure Titanium
Also known as industrial pure titanium or commercial pure titanium, it is classified according to the content of impurity elements. It has excellent stamping processability and weldability, is insensitive to heat treatment and organizational types, and has certain strength under satisfactory plasticity conditions. Its strength mainly depends on the content of vacancy elements, oxygen and nitrogen.
The properties of 99.5% pure industrial titanium are: density P=4.5g/cm 3 melting point is 1800°C, thermal conductivity λ=15.24W/(MK), tensile strength σ b=539MPa, elongation : δ =25%, transverse shrinkage rate ψ=25%, modulus of elasticity E=1.078×105MPa, hardness HB195.
titanium alloy
Titanium alloy is an alloy composed of titanium as a base and other elements. It is a relatively young metal, with a history of only sixty to seventy years from discovery until now. Titanium alloy materials have characteristics such as light weight, high strength, small elasticity, high temperature resistance and corrosion resistance.
They are mainly used in parts of aircraft engines, rockets, missiles, etc. Titanium has two types of homomorphic birefringent crystals. Titanium is a homomorphic isomorph, with a melting point of 1720°C. Below 882°C, it presents a dense hexagonal crystalline structure, called α titanium; above 882°C, it presents a body-centered cubic lattice structure, called β titanium.
Using the different characteristics of the above two titanium structures, adding appropriate alloying elements, and gradually changing the phase transition temperature and phase content, different organizations of titanium alloys (titanium alloys) are obtained.
Titanium alloy elements can be divided into three categories according to their impact on phase transition temperature:
① Stable α phase, the elements that increase the phase transition temperature are α stabilizing elements such as aluminum, magnesium, oxygen and nitrogen. Among them, aluminum is the main alloying element of titanium alloys and has obvious effects on improving the ambient temperature and high temperature resistance of the alloy, reducing the specific gravity and increasing the modulus of elasticity.
② Stable β phase, elements that lower the phase transition temperature are β stabilizing elements. They can be divided into isomorphic and eutectic. The first includes molybdenum, niobium, vanadium, etc.; the latter includes chromium, manganese, copper, silicon, etc.
③ Neutral elements that have little effect on phase transition temperature include zirconium, tin, etc.
Titanium and titanium alloy brand and chemical composition table
| Alloy grade | Nominal Chemical Composition | Chemical composition, % | ||||||||||||||
| Primary Constituents | Impurities, not exceeding | |||||||||||||||
| You | Al | Sn | Mo | P.D. | No | Yes | B | Faith | W | N | H | O | Other elements | |||
| Single | Total sum | |||||||||||||||
| TA1ELI | Industrial Pure Titanium | Remained | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.012 | 0.008 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.20 | |||||||
| TA1 | Industrial Pure Titanium | Remained | 0.20 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.18 | 0.10 | 0.40 | |||||||
| TA1-1 | Industrial Pure Titanium | Remained | ≤0.20 | ≤0.08 | 0.15 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.003 | 0.12 | 0.10 | ||||||
| TA2ELI | Industrial Pure Titanium | Remained | 0.20 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.008 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.20 | |||||||
| TA2 | Industrial Pure Titanium | Remained | 0:30 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.25 | 0.10 | 0.40 | |||||||
| TA3ELI | Industrial Pure Titanium | Remained | 0.25 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.008 | 0.18 | 0.05 | 0.20 | |||||||
| TA3 | Industrial Pure Titanium | Remained | 0:30 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.015 | 0.35 | 0.10 | 0.40 | |||||||
| TA4ELI | Industrial Pure Titanium | Remained | 0:30 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.008 | 0.25 | 0.05 | 0.20 | |||||||
| TA4 | Industrial Pure Titanium | Remained | 0.50 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.015 | 0.40 | 0.10 | 0.40 | |||||||
| TA5 | Ti-4Al-0.005B | Remained | 3.3~4.7 | 0.005 | 0:30 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.015 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.40 | |||||
| TA6 | Ti-5AI | Remained | 4.0~5.5 | 0:30 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.015 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.40 | ||||||
| TA7 | Ti-5Al-2.5Sn | Remained | 4.0 ~6.0 | 2.0~3.0 | 0.50 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.015 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.40 | |||||
| TA7ELI | Ti-5Al-2.5SnELI | Remained | 4.50~5.75 | 2.0 ~3.0 | 0.25 | 0.05 | 0.035 | 0.0125 | 0.12 | 0.05 | 0:30 | |||||
| TA8 | Ti-0.05Pd | Remained | 0.04~0.08 | 0:30 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.25 | 0.10 | 0.40 | ||||||
| TA8-1 | Ti-0.05Pd | Remained | 0.04~0.08 | 0.20 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.18 | 0.10 | 0.40 | ||||||
| TA9 | Ti-0.2Pd | Remained | 0.12~0.25 | 0.25 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.40 | ||||||
| TA9-1 | Ti-0.2Pd | Remained | 0.12~0.25 | 0.20 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.18 | 0.10 | 0.40 | ||||||
| TA10 | Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni | Remained | 0.2 ~0.4 | 0.6~0.9 | 0:30 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.25 | 0.10 | 0.40 | |||||
| Alloy grade | Nominal Chemical Composition | Chemical composition, % | |||||||||||||||
| Primary Constituents | Impurities, not exceeding | ||||||||||||||||
| You | Al | Sn | Mo | V | Mn | Zr | Yes | Nd | Faith | W | N | H | O | Other elements | |||
| Single | Total sum | ||||||||||||||||
| TA11 | Ti-8AL-1Mo-1V | Remained | 7.35~8.35 | 0.75~1.25 | 0.75~1.25 | 0:30 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.015 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.40 | |||||
| TA12 | Ti-5.5Al-4Sn-2Zr-1Mo-1Nd-0.25Si | Remained | 4.8~6.0 | 3.7 ~4.7 | 0.75~1.25 | 1.5~2.5 | 0.2~0.35 | 0.6~1.2 | 0.25 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.0125 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.40 | ||
| TA12-1 | Ti-5.0Al-4Sn-2Zr-1.5Mo-1Nd-0.25Si | Remained | 4.5~5.5 | 3.7 ~4.7 | 1.0~2.0 | 1.5~2.5 | 0.2~0.35 | 0.6~1.2 | 0.25 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.0125 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0:30 | ||
| TA13 | Ti-2.5Cu | Remained | 2.0~3.0 | 0.20 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.010 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0:30 | |||||||
| TA14 | Ti-2.3AI-11Sn-5Zr-1Mo-0.2Si | Remained | 2.0~2.5 | 10.5~11.5 | 0.8~1.2 | 4.0~6.0 | 0.10~0.50 | 0.20 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.0125 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0:30 | |||
| TA15 | Ti-6.5AI-1Mo-1V-2Zr | Remained | 5.5~7.1 | 0.5~2.0 | 0.8~2.5 | 1.5~2.5 | ≤0.15 | 0.25 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.015 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0:30 | |||
| TA15-1 | Ti-2.5AI-1Mo-1V-1.5Zr | Remained | 2.0~3.0 | 0.5~1.5 | 0.5~1.5 | 1.0~2.0 | ≤0.10 | 0.15 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.003 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0:30 | |||
| TA15-2 | Ti-4Al-1Mo-1V-1.5Zr | Remained | 3.5~4.5 | 0.5~1.5 | 0.5~1.5 | 1.0~2.0 | ≤0.10 | 0.15 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.003 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0:30 | |||
| TA16 | Ti-2Al-2.5Zr | Remained | 1.8~2.5 | 2.0~3.0 | ≤0.12 | 0.25 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.006 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0:30 | |||||
| TA17 | Ti-4Al-2V | Remained | 3.5~4.5 | 1.5~3.0 | ≤0.15 | 0.25 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.015 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0:30 | |||||
| TA18 | Ti-3AI-2.5V | Remained | 2.5~3.5 | 2.0~3.0 | 0.25 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.015 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.40 | ||||||
| TA19 | Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.1Si | Remained | 5.5~6.5 | 1.8~2.2 | 1.8~2.2 | 3.6~4.4 | ≤0.13 | 0.25 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.0125 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0:30 | |||
| TA20 | Ti-4Al-3V-1.5Zr | Remained | 3.5~4.5 | 2.5 ~3.5 | 1.0~2.0 | ≤0.10 | 0.15 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.003 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0:30 | ||||
| TA21 | Ti-1Al-1Mn | Remained | 0.4~1.5 | 0.5~1.3 | ≤0.30 | ≤0.12 | 0:30 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.012 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0:30 | ||||
| TA22 | Ti-3Al-1Mo-1Ni-1Zr | Remained | 2.5~3.5 | 0.5 ~1.5 | Ni: 0.3~1.0 | 0.8 ~2.0 | ≤0.15 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.015 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0:30 | |||
| TA22-1 | Ti-3AI-0.5Mo-0.5Ni-0.5Zr | Remained | 2.5~3.5 | 0.2~0.8 | Ni:0.3~0.8 | 0.5~1.0 | ≤0.04 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0:30 | |||
| TA23 | Ti-2.5Al-2Zr-1Fe | Remained | 2.2 ~3.0 | Fe:0.8~1.2 | 1.7~2.3 | ≤0.15 | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.010 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0:30 | |||||
| TA23-1 | Ti-2.5Al-2Zr-1Fe | Remained | 2.2~3.0 | Fe:0.8~1.1 | 1.7~2.3 | ≤0.10 | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.008 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0:30 | |||||
| TA24 | Ti-3Al-2Mo-2Zr | Remained | 2.5~3.8 | 1.0~2.5 | 1.0~3.0 | ≤0.15 | 0:30 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.015 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0:30 | ||||
| TA24-1 | Ti-2Al-1.5Mo-2Zr | Remained | 1.5~2.5 | 1.0~2.0 | 1.0~3.0 | ≤0.04 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.010 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0:30 | ||||
| TA25 | Ti-3Al-2.5V-0.05Pd | Remained | 2.5~3.5 | 2.0~3.0 | PD: 0.04~0.08 | 0.25 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.40 | |||||
| TA26 | Ti-3Al-2.5V-0.1Ru | Remained | 2.5~3.5 | 2.0~3.0 | Ru:0.08~0.14 | 0.25 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.40 | |||||
| TA27 | Ti-0.10Ru | Remained | Ru:0.08~0.14 | 0:30 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.25 | 0.10 | 0.40 | |||||||
| TA27-1 | Ti-0.10Ru | Remained | Ru:0.08~0.14 | 0.20 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.18 | 0.10 | 0.40 | |||||||
| TA28 | Ti-3Al | Remained | 2.0~3.3 | 0:30 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.015 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.40 | |||||||
| Alloy grade | Nominal Chemical Composition | Chemical composition, % | |||||||||||||||||||
| Primary Constituents | Impurities, not exceeding | ||||||||||||||||||||
| You | Al | Sn | Mo | V | Cr | Faith | Zr | P.D. | No. | Yes | Faith | W | N | H | O | Other elements | |||||
| Single | Total sum | ||||||||||||||||||||
| TB2 | Ti-5Mo-5V-8Cr-3Al | Remained | 2.5~3.5 | 4.7 ~5.7 | 4.7~5.7 | 7.5~8.5 | 0:30 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.015 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.40 | ||||||||
| TB3 | Ti-3.5Al-10Mo-8V-1Fe | Remained | 2.7~3.7 | 9.5~11.0 | 7.5~8.5 | 0.8~1.2 | – | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.015 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.40 | ||||||||
| TB4 | Ti-4AI-7Mo-10V-2Fe-1Zr | Remained | 3.0~4.5 | 6.0~7.8 | 9.0~10.5 | 1.5~2.5 | 0.5~1.5 | – | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.015 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.40 | |||||||
| TB5 | Ti-15V-3Al-3Cr-3Sn | Remained | 2.5~3.5 | 2.5~3.5 | 14.0~16.0 | 2.5~3.5 | 0.25 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.015 | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0:30 | ||||||||
| TB6 | Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al | Remained | 2.6~3.4 | 9.0~11.0 | 1.6 ~ 2.2 | – | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.0125 | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0:30 | |||||||||
| TB7 | Ti-32Mo | Remained | 30.0~34.0 | 0:30 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.015 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.40 | |||||||||||
| TB8 | Ti-15Mo-3Al-2.7Nb-0.25Si | Remained | 2.5~3.5 | 14.0~16.0 | 2.4~3.2 | 0.15-0.25 | 0.40 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.015 | 0.17 | 0.10 | 0.40 | ||||||||
| TB9 | Ti-3AI-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr | Remained | 3.0~4.0 | 3.5~4.5 | 7.5~8.5 | 5.5~6.5 | 3.5~4.5 | ≤0.10 | 0:30 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.030 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.40 | ||||||
| Alloy grade | Nominal Chemical Composition | Chemical composition, % | |||||||||||||||||
| Primary Constituents | Impurities, not exceeding | ||||||||||||||||||
| You | Al | Sn | Mo | V | Cr | Faith | Mn | Ass | Yes | Faith | W | N | H | O | Other elements | ||||
| Single | Total sum | ||||||||||||||||||
| TC1 | Ti-2Al-1.5Mn | Remained | 1.0 ~ 2.5 | 0.7~2.00.8~2.0 | 0:30 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.012 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.40 | ||||||||
| TC2 | Ti-4Al-1.5Mn | Remained | 3.5~5.0 | 0:30 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.012 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.40 | |||||||||
| TC3 | Ti-5AI-4V | Remained | 4.5 ~6.0 | 3.5~4.5 | 0:30 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.015 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.40 | ||||||||
| TC4 | Ti-6AI-4V | Remained | 5.5~6.8 | 3.5~4.5 | 0:30 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.015 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.40 | ||||||||
| TC4ELI | Ti-6AI-4VELI | Remained | 5.5 ~6.5 | 3.5~4.5 | 0.25 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.0125 | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0:30 | ||||||||
| 6MWT | Ti-6Al-1.5Cr-2.5Mo-0.5Fe-0.3Si | Remained | 5.5~7.0 | 2.0~3.0 | 0.8~2.3 | 0.2~0.7 | 0.15~0.40 | – | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.015 | 0.18 | 0.10 | 0.40 | |||||
| TC8 | Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-0.25Si | Remained | 5.8~6.8 | 2.8~3.8 | 0.2~0.35 | 0.40 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.015 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.40 | |||||||
| TC9 | Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-2.5Sn-0.3Si | Remained | 5.8~6.8 | 1.8~2.8 | 2.8~3.8 | 0.2~0.4 | 0.40 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.015 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.40 | ||||||
| TC10 | Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn-0.5Cu-0.5Fe | Remained | 5.5 ~ 6.5 | 1.5 ~2.5 | 5.5 ~6.5 | 0.35~1.0 | 0.351.0 | – | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.015 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.40 | |||||
| Alloy grade | Nominal Chemical Composition | Chemical composition, % | ||||||||||||||||
| Primary Constituents | Impurities, not exceeding | |||||||||||||||||
| You | Al | Sn | Mo | V | Cr | Faith | Zr | No. | Yes | Faith | W | N | H | O | Other elements | |||
| Single | Total sum | |||||||||||||||||
| TC11 | Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-1.5Zr-0.3Si | Remained | 5.8~7.0 | 2.8 ~3.8 | 0.8 ~ 2.0 | 0.2~0.35 | 0.25 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.012 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.40 | |||||
| TC12 | Ti-5AI-4Mo-4Cr-2Zr-2Sn-1Nb | Remained | 4.5 ~5.5 | 1.5~2.5 | 3.5~4.5 | 3.5~4.5 | 1.5 ~3.0 | 0.5~1.5 | 0:30 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.015 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.40 | |||
| TC15 | Ti-5Al-2.5Fe | Remained | 4.5~5.5 | 2.0~3.0 | – | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.013 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0:30 | |||||||
| TC16 | Ti-3AI-5Mo-4.5V | Remained | 2.2~3.8 | 4.5~5.5 | 4.0~5.0 | ≤0.15 | 0.25 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.012 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0:30 | |||||
| TC17 | Ti-5Al-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr | Remained | 4.5~5.5 | 1.5 ~2.5 | 3.5~4.5 | 3.5 ~4.5 | 1.5~2.5 | 0.25 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.012 | 0.08~0.13 | 0.10 | 0:30 | ||||
| TC18 | Ti-5AI-4.75Mo-4.75v-1Cr-1Fe | Remained | 4.4~5.7 | 4.0~5.5 | 4.0~5.5 | 0.5~1.5 | 0.5 ~ 1.5 | ≤0.30 | ≤0.15 | – | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.015 | 0.18 | 0.10 | 0:30 | ||
| TC19 | Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo | Remained | 5.5~6.5 | 1.75~2.25 | 5.5 ~6.5 | 3.5~4.5 | 0.15 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.0125 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.40 | |||||
| TC20 | Ti-6Al-7Nb | Remained | 5.5~6.5 | 6.5~7.5 | Ta≤0.5 | 0.25 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.009 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.40 | ||||||
| TC21 | Ti-13Nb-13Zr | Remained | 12.5-14.0 | 12.5~14.0 | 0.25 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.012 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.40 | |||||||
| TC22 | Ti-6AI-4V-0.05Pd | Remained | 5.5~6.75 | 3.5 ~4.5 | PD: 0.04~0.08 | 0.40 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.015 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.40 | ||||||
| TC23 | Ti-6Al-4V-0.1Ru | Remained | 5.5~6.5 | 3.5~4.5 | Ru: 0.08~0.14 | 0.25 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.40 | ||||||
Most commonly used degrees:
TA1 (American Standard: Gr1)
TA1 (Gr1) Titanium is the first of four industrial grades of pure titanium. It is the softest and most ductile of these types. It has the highest formability, excellent corrosion resistance and high impact toughness. TA1 grade is the preferred material for any application requiring easy formability, typically used for titanium plates and tubes.
Class TA2 (American Standard: Gr2)
Due to its wide and diverse availability, TA2 grade titanium is known as the “workhorse” of the commercial pure titanium industry. It shares many qualities with TA1 grade titanium alloy, but is slightly stronger. Both are equally resistant to corrosion.
This grade has good weldability, strength, ductility and formability. This makes TA2 grade titanium rods and plates the best choice for many applications in the construction, power generation and medical industry.
Grade TA3 (American Standard: Gr3)
This grade is the least used of the commercial grades of pure titanium, but this does not diminish its value. Grade TA3 is stronger than grades TA1 and TA2, with similar ductility, just slightly less formability. But it has superior mechanical properties than its predecessors.
TA3 grade is used in applications requiring moderate strength and primary corrosion resistance, such as aerospace, chemical processing and the marine industry.
Class TA4 (American Standard: Gr4)
TA4 grade is considered the strongest of the four commercial grades of pure titanium. It is also known for its excellent corrosion resistance, good formability and weldability. It is used in applications that require high strength, such as some airframe components, low temperature vessels, heat exchangers, etc.
Class TA9 (American Standard: Gr7)
Grade TA9 is mechanically and physically equivalent to grade TA2, except that the addition of palladium makes it an alloy. Grade 7 has excellent weldability and characteristics, being the most corrosion resistant of all titanium alloys.
In fact, it is the most corrosion resistant when reducing acids. TA9 grade is used for chemical processes and production equipment components. TA9 has extremely strong corrosion resistance, especially in reducing acidic environments.
TA9-1 (American Standard: Gr11) Grade
TA9-1 grade is very similar to TA1 grade, with a small amount of palladium added to increase corrosion resistance, making it an alloy. This corrosion resistance can be used to prevent crevice corrosion and reduce acid in chloride environments.
Other useful properties include ideal ductility, cold formability, useful strength, impact resistance and excellent weldability. This alloy can be used for the same applications as grade 1 titanium, especially where corrosion is required.
Ti grade 6Al-4V (Chinese standard TC4, American standard Gr5)
Often referred to as the “mainstay” of titanium alloys, Ti 6Al-4V or Grade 5 titanium is the most commonly used of all titanium alloys. It accounts for 50% of the total use of titanium in the world. Its popularity stems from its numerous advantages.
Ti 6Al-4V can be heat treated to increase its strength. It can be used to weld structures at usage temperatures up to 600°F. The alloy has high strength, useful formability and high corrosion resistance while being lightweight. The versatility of Ti 6Al-4V makes it an ideal alloy for various industries such as aerospace, medical, marine and chemical processing. It can be used to create the following technical content:
- Aircraft turbines
- Engine Parts
- Aircraft structural components
- Aerospace Fasteners
- High Performance Auto Parts
- Marine applications
- Sports equipment
Grade Ti 6AL-4V ELI (Chinese standard TC4ELI, American standard Gr23)
Ti 6AL-4V ELI or TC4ELI grade is a purer form of Ti 6Al-4V. It can be made into coils, stranded wire, electrical wire or flat wire. It is the best choice for any situation that requires high strength, light weight, good corrosion resistance and high toughness. It has excellent damage tolerance compared to other alloys.
These advantages make TC4ELI grade the best dental and medical titanium grade. Due to its biocompatibility, good fatigue resistance and low modulus, it can be used for biomedical applications, such as implantable components. It is also useful for detailed surgical procedures such as:
- Orthopedic pins and screws
- Orthopedic cables
- Ligatures
- Surgical implants
- Orthodontic appliances
- Joint replacements
- Cryogenic vessels
- Bone fixation devices
Grade TA10 (American Standard Gr12)
TA10 titanium grade is rated “excellent” for its high-quality weldability. It is a highly durable alloy that provides immense resistance at high temperatures. TA10 grade titanium has similar characteristics to 300 series stainless steel.
This alloy can be hot or cold formed using press molding, hydroforming, stretch forming or hammering. Its ability to be formed in a variety of ways makes it useful in many applications. The high corrosion resistance of this alloy also gives it invaluable value for manufacturing equipment that needs to account for crevice corrosion. TA10 grade can be used in the following industries and applications:
- Shells and heat exchangers
- Hydrometallurgical applications
- High temperature chemical manufacturing
- Marine and aeronautical components
Ti5Al-2.5Sn
Ti 5Al-2.5Sn is a non-heat treatable alloy that offers good weldability and stability. It also has high temperature stability, high strength, good corrosion resistance and good creep resistance. Creep refers to the phenomenon of plastic deformation that occurs over a long period of time at high temperatures. Ti 5Al-2.5Sn is mainly used in aircraft and airframe applications as well as low temperature applications.
Finally, attached is a comparison between old and new types of titanium and their chemical compositions according to domestic and foreign standards.
| Standard | Note | Chemical composition, % | ||||||||
| Impurities, not exceeding | ||||||||||
| You | Faith | W | N | H | O | Other elements | ||||
| Single | Total sum | |||||||||
| GB/T 3620.1-200X | TA1ELI | Remained | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.012 | 0.008 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.20 | |
| ISO 5832/2-1999 | Level 1 ELI | Remained | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.012 | 0.0125 | 0.10 | – | – | |
| GB/T 3623-1998 | TA0ELI | Remained | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.008 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.20 | |
| GB/T 3620.1-200X | TA1 | Remained | 0.20 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.18 | 0.10 | 0.40 | |
| ISO 5832/2-1999 | Level 1 | Remained | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.0125 | 0.18 | – | – | |
| ASTM B Titanium Materials | 1st grade | Remained | 0.20 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.18 | 0.1 | 0.4 | |
| GB/T 3620.1-1994 | TA0 | Remained | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.15 | 0.1 | 0.4 | |
| GB/T 3620.1-200X | TA2 | Remained | 0:30 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.25 | 0.10 | 0.40 | |
| ISO 5832/2-1999 | Level 2 | Remained | 0:30 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.0125 | 0.25 | – | – | |
| ASTM B Titanium Materials | Grade 2 | Remained | 0:30 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.25 | 0.1 | 0.4 | |
| GB/T 3620.1-1994 | TA1 | Remained | 0.25 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.20 | 0.1 | 0.4 | |
| GB/T 3620.1-200X | TA3 | Remained | 0:30 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.015 | 0.35 | 0.10 | 0.40 | |
| ISO 5832/2-1999 | Level 3 | Remained | 0:30 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.0125 | 0.35 | – | – | |
| ASTM B Titanium Materials | 3rd series | Remained | 0:30 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.015 | 0.35 | 0.1 | 04 | |
| GB/T 3620.1-1994 | TA2 | Remained | 0:30 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.015 | 0.25 | 0.1 | 0.4 | |
| GB/T 3620.1-200X | TA4 | Remained | 0.50 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.015 | 0.40 | 0.10 | 0.40 | |
| ISO 5832/2-1999 | Level 4 | Remained | 0.50 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.0125 | 0.40 | – | – | |
| ASTM B Titanium Materials | 4th grade | Remained | 0.50 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.015 | 0.40 | 0.1 | 0.4 | |
| GB/T 3620.1-1994 | TA3 | Remained | 0.40 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.015 | 0:30 | 0.1 | 0.4 | |
3. Applications of titanium and titanium alloys
Although titanium and titanium alloy materials are abundant, their prices are very high. This is because titanium has low chemical activity at high temperatures, making its casting technology and operating environment quite demanding. It must be melted under high temperature and vacuum conditions, often reaching temperatures above 800°C.
This makes it much more challenging than steel casting. Therefore, whenever people mention titanium alloys, they perceive it as a high-quality metal material that is low in production and high in price and therefore rarely used.
Currently, due to the excellent properties of titanium alloys – being light, high strength and heat resistant – titanium and titanium alloy materials are widely used in the manufacture of cutting-edge weapons and important national instruments, particularly in the aerospace industry. Here are some examples of its applications in the chemical industry:
1. Alkali production industry
The introduction of titanium coolers into the alkali production industry has effectively solved the problem of substandard chlorine gas produced due to the irrational traditional cooling process. It has also changed the face of the chlor-alkali industry, as the invested titanium alloy coolers can have a service life of up to 20 years.
2. Salt production industry
The most advanced salt production technology currently used is vacuum salt production. The high-temperature concentrated brine produced during this process can cause serious damage to carbon steel structures, causing equipment to leak.
The implementation of a titanium-steel composite structure in the heating and evaporation chambers can effectively prevent salt scaling, improve salt quality, and reduce the corrosion impact of high-concentration brine on the tube walls during the evaporation process, thus extending the maintenance cycle.
aerospace industry
1. Aviation Industry
Titanium alloys used in aviation are divided into aircraft structural titanium alloys and engine structural titanium alloys. The main applications of titanium alloy structures in aircraft include landing gear components, structures, beams, fuselage skins and heat shields. Russia's Il-76 aircraft uses high-strength BT22 titanium alloy to manufacture important components such as landing gear and support beams.
The main landing gear beam of the Boeing 747 is made from Ti-6Al-4V material, with a forged piece measuring 6.20 meters long and 0.95 meters wide, weighing up to 1,545 kilograms. The high-strength and high-toughness titanium alloy Ti-62222S is used in crucial parts of the horizontal stabilizer shaft of the C-17 aircraft.
In terms of aircraft engines, titanium alloys are used in compressor discs, blades, drums, high pressure compressor rotors and compressor casings. The leading edge and fan blade tip of the Boeing 747-8GENX engine are protected by a titanium alloy casing, which has only been replaced three times in a 10-year service period.
2. Spacecraft Industry
The working conditions of spacecraft are extremely harsh. In addition to the need for superior technical design in materials, the excellent characteristics and functions of the materials themselves are also crucial, making titanium alloys stand out among many materials.
In the field of space equipment, during the United States' Apollo program in the 1960s, the spacecraft's two-man cabin, enclosed cabin wing girders, and ribs were all made of Ti-5Al-2.5Sn, with coatings made of pure titanium.
German company MT Aerospace has produced a high-strength Ti-15V-3Cr alloy propulsion system storage tank, which is used on the giant European communications satellite platform Alpha.
There are many examples of the application of Russian titanium alloys in space engineering, such as the use of a large forged and forged 3.5-ton BT23 titanium alloy in the Energia cargo rocket. In addition, titanium alloys are also used in the fuel tanks of liquid-fuel rocket engines, low-temperature liquid storage tanks, and liquid hydrogen bomb impellers.
Similarly, in the rapid development of domestic space engineering, titanium alloys are widely used. From the Dongfang 1 satellite in 1970 to the current series of Shenzhou spacecraft and Chang'e lunar probes, titanium alloys have been used.
In addition, the TA7ELI low-temperature titanium alloy gas cylinder developed by China for use in a liquid hydrogen environment was used in the Long March series of launch vehicles. The Harbin Institute of Technology used TC4 titanium alloy to make the wheel rims of lunar rovers. In addition, China has also used BT20 and other high-strength titanium alloys to manufacture engine casings and missile nozzles.
3. Marine Applications
Titanium and its alloys are widely used in nuclear submarines, deep submersibles, atomic icebreakers, hydrofoils, hovercraft, minesweepers, as well as in propellers, whip antennas, seawater pipelines, condensers, heat exchangers, acoustic devices and firefighting equipment. For example, the US
The deep submersible “Sea Cliff” is equipped with an observation cabin and a titanium control cabin, capable of diving to depths of up to 6,100m. Toho Titanium Company of Japan, in collaboration with Fujin Shipbuilding, built the “Mori Support Heaven II,” a titanium speedboat that enjoyed a period of high sales in the US. China's first integrated and self-designed manned submersible, “Jiaolong”, also employs titanium alloys and covers 99.8% of the world's ocean regions.
4. Existing issues and perspectives of titanium and its alloys
Despite significant advances in the development of titanium and its alloys, challenges persist. These challenges mainly fall into three categories:
1) Production Aspect
China is an important player in the titanium industry, but the quantity of high-quality products it produces is low and there is a shortage of titanium products with special characteristics.
Furthermore, China does not yet have the capacity to mass produce titanium strips and extruded titanium profiles. This limitation hinders the development and use of titanium and its alloys in aerospace and maritime areas. The goal of further increasing the use of titanium in aviation engines to around 50% remains a considerable challenge.
2) Performance Aspect
Titanium is highly chemically active, making it susceptible to contamination by other elements. This requires a high level of precision in the processing and manufacturing of titanium alloys.
Furthermore, the resulting high-performance products require a comprehensive assessment of their mechanical, physical, chemical and technological properties. The drastic decline in creep resistance and oxidation resistance at high temperatures above 600°C are the two main obstacles to the expanded application of existing titanium alloys.
3) Cost aspect
Currently, efforts are being made around the world to reduce the application costs of titanium alloys, and considerable progress has been achieved.
However, in terms of China's current situation, the country's management and technological levels have not yet reached an ideal state. Its domestically produced titanium alloy products are not competitively priced on an international scale, which is detrimental to its wider use.
Currently, the main fields of application of titanium alloys remain in the aerospace and military industrial sectors. However, the prospects for developing new fields of application, such as automobiles, trains, high-speed trains and even everyday civil sectors, are still vast.
Furthermore, replacing expensive alloying elements with cheaper ones, as well as reducing the cost of titanium alloy components through technological means, are important subjects in future research on titanium alloys. Once cutting-edge applications of titanium alloys reach low-cost manufacturing, they will find use in various fields.
