What is Hardness ?
Hardness is a performance index used to measure the resistance of materials to indentation or deformation caused by hard objects.
There are several methods for hardness testing, each with its own principles and meaning behind the measured hardness values.
The most commonly used method is the static load indentation hardness test, which includes Brinell hardness (HB), Rockwell hardness (HRA, HRB, HRC), Vickers hardness (HV) and Shore hardness (HA, HD) for rubber and plastics.
These values indicate the material's ability to resist indentation from hard objects.
On the other hand, rebound hardness testing includes popular methods such as Leeb hardness (HL) and Shore hardness (HS), which measure the elastic deformation work of metals.
Therefore, hardness is not simply a physical quantity, but a comprehensive performance index that reflects the elasticity, plasticity, strength and toughness of materials.
Steel hardness
The hardness of metals is indicated by the H code. Based on various hardness testing methods, the following classifications can be made:
● Conventional methods include Brinell (HB), Rockwell (HRC), Vickers (HV), and Leeb (HL) hardness tests. Among these, HB and HRC are most commonly used.
● HB has a wide range of applications, while HRC is suitable for materials with high surface hardness, such as those obtained through heat treatment.
The main difference between these two tests is the type of probe used in the hardness tester. The Brinell hardness tester employs a steel ball as a probe, while the Rockwell hardness tester uses a diamond probe.
● HV – suitable for microscopic analysis. Vickers hardness (HV) is measured by pressing a diamond square cone indenter with a top angle of 136° into the surface of the material with a load of less than 120kg. The Vickers hardness value (HV) is obtained by dividing the surface area of the material's indentation pit by the load value.
● HL portable hardness tester is convenient for measurements. It works by bouncing after the impact ball head hits the hard surface. Hardness is calculated using the ratio of the rebound velocity to the impact velocity of the punch at 1 mm from the sample surface and the formula: Leeb Hardness HL = 1000 × VB (rebound velocity) / VA (impact velocity).
● The most commonly used portable Leeb hardness tester can be converted to Brinell (HB), Rockwell (HRC), Vickers (HV) and Shore (HS) hardness after measuring with Leeb (HL). Alternatively, you can directly measure the hardness value using Brinell (HB), Rockwell (HRC), Vickers (HV), Leeb (HL) and Shore (HS) using the Leeb principle.
The TH series Leeb hardness tester produced by Time Company has this function, which is a useful complement to the traditional desktop hardness machine! (For details, click Leeb Hardness Tester TH140/TH160/HLN-11A/HS141 Portable Series).
1. HB – Brinell Hardness:
Brinell hardness (HB) is typically used for soft materials such as non-ferrous metals, steel before heat treatment or after annealing.
On the other hand, Rockwell hardness (HRC) is generally used for materials with greater hardness, such as those that have undergone heat treatment.
To measure Brinell hardness, a hardened steel ball or carbide ball of a specific diameter is pressed into the surface of the material being tested under a specified test load, held for a set time, and then discharged to measure the diameter. surface indentation. being tested.
The Brinell hardness value is calculated by dividing the load by the spherical surface area of the indentation.
Typically, a hardened steel ball with a diameter of 10 mm is pressed onto the surface of the material with a load of 3000 kg for a certain period. After unloading, the relationship between the load and the indentation area produces the Brinell hardness value (HB), measured in kilograms of force per square millimeter (kgf/mm2 or N/mm2).
2. HR Rockwell hardness
Rockwell hardness (HR) is a method for determining the hardness index of a material based on the depth of plastic deformation of the indentation. Hardness is measured in units of 0.002 mm.
When the Brinell hardness test cannot be used, such as when the material's HB value is greater than 450 or the sample size is too small, the Rockwell hardness test is used.
This test involves pressing a diamond cone with a top angle of 120° or a steel ball with a diameter of 1.59 mm or 3.18 mm onto the surface of the tested material under a specific load. The hardness of the material is then calculated from the depth of the indentation.
There are three different scales for Rockwell hardness measurements based on the hardness of the test material:
HRA: It is a measure of hardness determined using a conical diamond indenter and applying a load of 60kg. This scale is used for materials that have extremely high hardness, such as carbide.
HRB: It is a measure of hardness determined using a hardened steel ball with a diameter of 1.59mm and applying a load of 100kg. This scale is used for low hardness materials, such as annealed steel, cast iron, etc.
HRC: It is a measure of hardness determined using a conical diamond press and applying a load of 150kg. This scale is used for materials that have high hardness, such as tempered steel, etc.
Furthermore:
(1) HRC stands for Rockwell hardness scale C.
(2) HRC and HB are widely used in production.
(3) The HRC application range is HRC 20 to 67, which is equivalent to HB225 to 650. If the hardness exceeds this range, the Rockwell hardness scale A (HRA) must be used. If the hardness is less than this range, the B Rockwell Hardness Scale (HRB) should be used. The upper limit of Brinell hardness (HB650) cannot be exceeded.
(4) The C scale indenter of the Rockwell hardness tester is a diamond cone with a top angle of 120 degrees. The test load is a specific value, with a Chinese standard of 150 kg of force.
The Brinell hardness tester uses a hardened steel ball (HBS) or a hard metal ball (HBW) as an indenter, and the test load varies with the diameter of the ball, ranging from 3,000 to 31.25 kgf.
(5) The indentation of Rockwell hardness is very small and the measured value is localized, so it is necessary to measure the average value at several points. It is suitable for finished products and thin films and is classified as non-destructive testing.
The indentation of Brinell hardness is large and the measured value is accurate. It is not suitable for finished products and thin films and is generally not considered non-destructive testing.
(6) The Rockwell hardness value is a dimensionless number and has no unit. Therefore, it is incorrect to refer to Rockwell hardness in terms of degrees. The Brinell hardness value has units and has an approximate relationship with tensile strength.
(7) Rockwell hardness can be displayed directly on the dial or digitally. It is easy to operate, fast and intuitive, making it suitable for mass production. Brinell hardness requires a microscope to measure the diameter of the indentation and then check the table or perform calculations, which can be complicated.
(8) Under certain conditions, HB and HRC can be checked and exchanged. The mental calculation formula is approximately 1HRC ≈ 1/10HB.
Following are several common comparison tables:
1. National standard hardness conversion table HLD/HRC/HRB/HV/HB/HSD
2. According to the German standard DIN50150, the following is the comparison table between the tensile strength of steels in the common range and Vickers hardness, Brinell hardness and Rockwell hardness:
Tensile strength RmN/mm 2 |
High voltage | HB | CDH |
250 | 80 | 76.0 | – |
270 | 85 | 80.7 | – |
285 | 90 | 85.2 | – |
305 | 95 | 90.2 | – |
320 | 100 | 95.0 | – |
335 | 105 | 99.8 | – |
350 | 110 | 105 | – |
370 | 115 | 109 | – |
380 | 120 | 114 | – |
400 | 125 | 119 | – |
415 | 130 | 124 | – |
430 | 135 | 128 | – |
450 | 140 | 133 | – |
465 | 145 | 138 | – |
480 | 150 | 143 | – |
490 | 155 | 147 | – |
510 | 160 | 152 | – |
530 | 165 | 156 | – |
545 | 170 | 162 | – |
560 | 175 | 166 | – |
575 | 180 | 171 | – |
595 | 185 | 176 | – |
610 | 190 | 181 | – |
625 | 195 | 185 | – |
640 | 200 | 190 | – |
660 | 205 | 195 | – |
675 | 210 | 199 | – |
690 | 215 | 204 | – |
705 | 220 | 209 | – |
720 | 225 | 214 | – |
740 | 230 | 219 | – |
755 | 235 | 223 | – |
770 | 240 | 228 | 20.3 |
785 | 245 | 233 | 21.3 |
800 | 250 | 238 | 22.2 |
820 | 255 | 242 | 23.1 |
835 | 260 | 247 | 24.0 |
850 | 265 | 252 | 24.8 |
865 | 270 | 257 | 25.6 |
880 | 275 | 261 | 26.4 |
900 | 280 | 266 | 27.1 |
915 | 285 | 271 | 27.8 |
930 | 290 | 276 | 28.5 |
950 | 295 | 280 | 29.2 |
965 | 300 | 285 | 29.8 |
995 | 310 | 295 | 31.0 |
1030 | 320 | 304 | 32.2 |
1060 | 330 | 314 | 33.3 |
1095 | 340 | 323 | 34.4 |
1125 | 350 | 333 | 35.5 |
1115 | 360 | 342 | 36.6 |
1190 | 370 | 352 | 37.7 |
1220 | 380 | 361 | 38.8 |
1255 | 390 | 371 | 39.8 |
1290 | 400 | 380 | 40.8 |
1320 | 410 | 390 | 41.8 |
1350 | 420 | 399 | 42.7 |
1385 | 430 | 409 | 43.6 |
1420 | 440 | 418 | 44.5 |
1455 | 450 | 428 | 45.3 |
1485 | 460 | 437 | 46.1 |
1520 | 470 | 447 | 46.9 |
1555 | 480 | (456) | 47.7 |
1595 | 490 | (466) | 48.4 |
1630 | 500 | (475) | 49.1 |
1665 | 510 | (485) | 49.8 |
1700 | 520 | (494) | 50.5 |
1740 | 530 | (504) | 51.1 |
1775 | 540 | (513) | 51.7 |
1810 | 550 | (523) | 52.3 |
1845 | 560 | (532) | 53.0 |
1880 | 570 | (542) | 53.6 |
1920 | 580 | (551) | 54.1 |
1955 | 590 | (561) | 54.7 |
1995 | 600 | (570) | 55.2 |
2030 | 610 | (580) | 55.7 |
2070 | 620 | (589) | 56.3 |
2105 | 630 | (599) | 56.8 |
2145 | 640 | (608) | 57.3 |
2180 | 650 | (618) | 57.8 |
660 | 58.3 | ||
670 | 58.8 | ||
680 | 59.2 | ||
690 | 59.7 | ||
700 | 60.1 | ||
720 | 61.0 | ||
740 | 61.8 | ||
760 | 62.5 | ||
780 | 63.3 | ||
800 | 64.0 | ||
820 | 64.7 | ||
840 | 65.3 | ||
860 | 65.9 | ||
880 | 66.4 | ||
900 | 67.0 | ||
920 | 67.5 | ||
940 | 68.0 |
Approximate relationship table of various hardness
HBA | HB | High voltage | HWB | CDH | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GYZJ 934-1 |
10mm 500kg |
5kg | B | AND | F | H | |
35 | 21 | 32 | |||||
36 | 22 | 35 | |||||
37 | 23 | 37 | |||||
38 | 24 | 40 | |||||
39 | 25 | 42 | |||||
40 | 25 | 26 | 45 | ||||
41 | 25 | 27 | 47 | ||||
42 | 26 | 28 | 49 | ||||
43 | 27 | 29 | 51 | ||||
44 | 27 | 30 | 54 | ||||
45 | 28 | 30 | 56 | ||||
46 | 29 | 31 | 58 | ||||
47 | 30 | 32 | 23 | 60 | |||
48 | 30 | 33 | 0.7 | 26 | 62 | ||
49 | 31 | 34 | 1.3 | 28 | 64 | ||
50 | 32 | 35 | 1.9 | 31 | 66 | ||
51 | 33 | 36 | 2.5 | 34 | 68 | ||
52 | 34 | 38 | 3.1 | 36 | 70 | ||
53 | 35 | 39 | 3.6 | 39 | 30 | 72 | |
54 | 37 | 40 | 4.2 | 41 | 34 | 73 | |
55 | 38 | 41 | 4.7 | 44 | 37 | 75 | |
56 | 39 | 43 | 5.3 | 46 | 40 | 77 | |
57 | 40 | 44 | 5.8 | 48 | 43 | 78 | |
58 | 42 | 45 | 6.3 | 50 | 46 | 80 | |
59 | 43 | 47 | 6.8 | 53 | 48 | 82 | |
60 | 45 | 49 | 7.3 | 55 | 51 | 83 | |
61 | 46 | 50 | 7.8 | 57 | 54 | 85 | |
62 | 48 | 52 | 8.3 | 59 | 56 | 86 | |
63 | 50 | 54 | 8.8 | 61 | 59 | 88 | |
64 | 51 | 56 | 9.2 | 63 | 61 | 89 | |
65 | 53 | 58 | 9.7 | 65 | 63 | 90 | |
66 | 55 | 60 | 10.1 | 67 | 66 | 92 | |
67 | 57 | 62 | 10.6 | 69 | 68 | 93 | |
68 | 60 | 65 | 11 | 71 | 70 | 94 | |
69 | 62 | 67 | 11.4 | 73 | 72 | 95 | |
70 | 64 | 70 | 11.8 | 17 | 75 | 74 | 97 |
71 | 67 | 72 | 12.2 | 23 | 76 | 75 | 98 |
72 | 69 | 75 | 12.6 | 28 | 78 | 77 | 99 |
73 | 72 | 78 | 12.9 | 33 | 80 | 79 | 100 |
74 | 75 | 81 | 13.3 | 38 | 81 | 80 | 101 |
75 | 78 | 85 | 13.7 | 42 | 83 | 82 | 102 |
76 | 80 | 88 | 14 | 47 | 84 | 83 | 103 |
77 | 84 | 92 | 14.3 | 51 | 86 | 85 | 104 |
78 | 87 | 95 | 14.7 | 55 | 87 | 86 | 105 |
79 | 90 | 99 | 15 | 59 | 89 | 88 | 106 |
80 | 94 | 103 | 15.3 | 63 | 90 | 89 | 106 |
81 | 97 | 108 | 15.6 | 66 | 91 | 90 | 107 |
82 | 101 | 112 | 15.9 | 70 | 92 | 91 | 108 |
83 | 105 | 117 | 16.2 | 73 | 94 | 92 | 109 |
84 | 109 | 121 | 16.4 | 76 | 95 | 93 | 109 |
85 | 113 | 126 | 16.7 | 79 | 96 | 94 | 110 |
86 | 117 | 131 | 16.9 | 81 | 97 | 95 | 111 |
87 | 121 | 137 | 17.2 | 84 | 98 | 96 | 111 |
88 | 126 | 142 | 17.4 | 86 | 99 | 97 | 112 |
89 | 130 | 17.6 | 88 | 100 | 98 | 112 | |
90 | 135 | 17.8 | 90 | 101 | 98 | 113 | |
91 | 140 | 18 | 102 | 99 | 114 | ||
92 | 145 | 18.2 | 103 | 100 | |||
93 | 18.4 | 103 | 100 | ||||
94 | 18.6 | 104 | 101 | ||||
95 | 18.7 | 105 | 102 | ||||
96 | 18.9 | 106 | 102 | ||||
97 | 19 | 106 | 103 | ||||
98 | 19.2 | 107 | |||||
98 | 19.3 | 107 | |||||
100 | 19.4 | 108 |
Note: Table 3 source: Baber Colman
Approximate conversion value of the Brinell hardness of steel
Brinell hardness (HB) 10mm 3,000kgf |
Vickers hardness (HV) |
Rockwell hardness | Shore Hardness (HS) |
Tensile strength (approx.) MPa |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Standard ball | Tungsten Carbide Ball | To load 60kgf (HRA) |
To load 100kgf (HRB) |
To load 100kgf (CHR) |
To load 150kgf (DHR) |
|||
– | – | 940 | 85.6 | – | 68 | 76.9 | 97 | – |
– | – | 920 | 85.3 | – | 67.5 | 76.5 | 96 | – |
– | – | 900 | 85 | – | 67 | 76.1 | 95 | – |
– | -767 | 880 | 84.7 | – | 66.4 | 75.7 | 93 | – |
– | -757 | 860 | 84.4 | – | 65.9 | 75.3 | 92 | – |
– | -745 | 840 | 84.1 | – | 65.3 | 74.8 | 91 | – |
– | -733 | 820 | 83.8 | – | 64.7 | 74.3 | 90 | – |
– | -722 | 800 | 83.4 | – | 64 | 73.8 | 88 | – |
– | -712 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
– | -710 | 780 | 83 | – | 63.3 | 73.3 | 87 | – |
– | -698 | 760 | 82.6 | – | 62.5 | 72.6 | 86 | – |
– | -684 | 740 | 82.2 | – | 61.8 | 72.1 | – | – |
– | -682 | 737 | 82.2 | – | 61.7 | 72 | 84 | – |
– | -670 | 720 | 81.8 | – | 61 | 71.5 | 83 | – |
– | -656 | 700 | 81.3 | – | 60.1 | 70.8 | – | – |
– | -653 | 697 | 81.2 | – | 60 | 70.7 | 81 | – |
– | -647 | 690 | 81.1 | – | 59.7 | 70.5 | – | – |
– | -638 | 680 | 80.8 | – | 59.2 | 70.1 | 80 | – |
– | 630 | 670 | 80.6 | – | 58.8 | 69.8 | – | – |
– | 627 | 667 | 80.5 | – | 58.7 | 69.7 | 79 | – |
– | – | 677 | 80.7 | – | 59.1 | 70 | – | – |
– | 601 | 640 | 79.8 | – | 57.3 | 68.7 | 77 | – |
– | – | 640 | 79.8 | – | 57.3 | 68.7 | – | – |
– | 578 | 615 | 79.1 | – | 56 | 67.7 | 75 | – |
– | – | 607 | 78.8 | – | 55.6 | 67.4 | – | – |
– | 555 | 591 | 78.4 | – | 54.7 | 66.7 | 73 | 2055 |
– | – | 579 | 78 | – | 54 | 66.1 | – | 2015 |
– | 534 | 569 | 77.8 | – | 53.5 | 65.8 | 71 | 1985 |
– | – | 533 | 77.1 | – | 52.5 | 65 | – | 1915 |
– | 514 | 547 | 76.9 | – | 52.1 | 64.7 | 70 | 1890 |
-495 | – | 539 | 76.7 | – | 51.6 | 64.3 | – | 1855 |
– | – | 530 | 76.4 | – | 51.1 | 63.9 | – | 1825 |
– | 495 | 528 | 76.3 | – | 51 | 63.8 | 68 | 1820 |
-477 | – | 516 | 75.9 | – | 50.3 | 63.2 | – | 1780 |
– | – | 508 | 75.6 | – | 49.6 | 62.7 | – | 1740 |
– | 477 | 508 | 75.6 | – | 49.6 | 62.7 | 66 | 1740 |
-461 | – | 495 | 75.1 | – | 48.8 | 61.9 | – | 1680 |
– | – | 491 | 74.9 | – | 48.5 | 61.7 | – | 1670 |
– | 461 | 491 | 74.9 | – | 48.5 | 61.7 | 65 | 1670 |
444 | – | 474 | 74.3 | – | 47.2 | 61 | – | 1595 |
– | – | 472 | 74.2 | – | 47.1 | 60.8 | – | 1585 |
– | 444 | 472 | 74.2 | – | 47.1 | 60.8 | 63 | 1585 |
429 | 429 | 455 | 73.4 | – | 45.7 | 59.7 | 61 | 1510 |
415 | 415 | 440 | 72.8 | – | 44.5 | 58.8 | 59 | 1460 |
401 | 401 | 425 | 72 | – | 43.1 | 57.8 | 58 | 1390 |
388 | 388 | 410 | 71.4 | – | 41.8 | 56.8 | 56 | 1330 |
375 | 375 | 396 | 70.6 | – | 40.4 | 55.7 | 54 | 1270 |
363 | 363 | 383 | 70 | – | 39.1 | 54.6 | 52 | 1220 |
352 | 352 | 372 | 69.3 | -110 | 37.9 | 53.8 | 51 | 1180 |
341 | 341 | 360 | 68.7 | -109 | 36.6 | 52.8 | 50 | 1130 |
331 | 331 | 350 | 68.1 | -108.5 | 35.5 | 51.9 | 48 | 1095 |
321 | 321 | 339 | 67.5 | -108 | 34.3 | 51 | 47 | 1060 |
311 | 311 | 328 | 66.9 | -107.5 | 33.1 | 50 | 46 | 1025 |
302 | 302 | 319 | 66.3 | -107 | 32.1 | 49.3 | 45 | 1005 |
293 | 293 | 309 | 65.7 | -106 | 30.9 | 48.3 | 43 | 970 |
285 | 285 | 301 | 65.3 | -105.5 | 29.9 | 47.6 | – | 950 |
277 | 277 | 292 | 64.6 | -104.5 | 28.8 | 46.7 | 41 | 925 |
269 | 269 | 284 | 64.1 | -104 | 27.6 | 45.9 | 40 | 895 |
262 | 262 | 276 | 63.6 | -103 | 26.6 | 45 | 39 | 875 |
255 | 255 | 269 | 63 | -102 | 25.4 | 44.2 | 38 | 850 |
248 | 248 | 261 | 62.5 | -101 | 24.2 | 43.2 | 37 | 825 |
241 | 241 | 253 | 61.8 | 100 | 22.8 | 42 | 36 | 800 |
235 | 235 | 247 | 61.4 | 99 | 21.7 | 41.4 | 35 | 785 |
229 | 229 | 241 | 60.8 | 98.2 | 20.5 | 40.5 | 34 | 765 |
223 | 223 | 234 | – | 97.3 | -18.8 | – | – | |
217 | 217 | 228 | – | 96.4 | -17.5 | – | 33 | 725 |
212 | 212 | 222 | – | 95.5 | -16 | – | – | 705 |
207 | 207 | 218 | – | 94.6 | -15.2 | – | 32 | 690 |
201 | 201 | 212 | – | 93.8 | -13.8 | – | 31 | 675 |
197 | 197 | 207 | – | 92.8 | -12.7 | – | 30 | 655 |
192 | 192 | 202 | – | 91.9 | -11.5 | – | 29 | 640 |
187 | 187 | 196 | – | 90.7 | -10 | – | – | 620 |
183 | 183 | 192 | – | 90 | -9 | – | 28 | 615 |
179 | 179 | 188 | – | 89 | -8 | – | 27 | 600 |
174 | 174 | 182 | – | 87.8 | -6.4 | – | – | 585 |
170 | 170 | 178 | – | 86.8 | -5.4 | – | 26 | 570 |
167 | 167 | 175 | – | 86 | -4.4 | – | – | 560 |
163 | 163 | 171 | – | 85 | -3.3 | – | 25 | 545 |
156 | 156 | 163 | – | 82.9 | -0.9 | – | – | 525 |
149 | 149 | 156 | – | 80.8 | – | – | 23 | 505 |
143 | 143 | 150 | – | 78.7 | – | – | 22 | 490 |
137 | 137 | 143 | – | 76.4 | – | – | 21 | 460 |
131 | 131 | 137 | – | 74 | – | – | – | 450 |
126 | 126 | 132 | – | 72 | – | – | 20 | 435 |
121 | 121 | 127 | – | 69.8 | – | – | 19 | 415 |
116 | 116 | 122 | – | 67.6 | – | – | 18 | 400 |
111 | 111 | 117 | – | 65.7 | – | – | 15 | 385 |
Hardness testing is a simple and easy method of testing mechanical properties.
To replace some mechanical property tests with hardness tests, a more accurate conversion relationship between hardness and strength is required in production.
Empirical evidence has shown that there is an approximate correlation between the various hardness values of metallic materials, as well as between hardness and strength values.
As the hardness value is determined by the resistance to initial and continuous plastic deformation, a material with greater strength will present greater resistance to plastic deformation and, therefore, higher hardness values.
National Standard Hardness Conversion Table HLD/HRC/HRB/HV/HB/HSD
DAN | CDH | HRB | High voltage | HB(1) | HB(2) | HD | DAN | CDH | HRB | High voltage | HB(1) | HB(2) | HD |
300 | 83 | 596 | 33.9 | 322 | 314 | 315 | 46.3 | ||||||
302 | 84 | 598 | 34.2 | 325 | 316 | 318 | 46.6 | ||||||
304 | 85 | 600 | 34.5 | 328 | 319 | 320 | 46.9 | ||||||
306 | 85 | 602 | 34.8 | 330 | 322 | 323 | 47.2 | ||||||
308 | 86 | 604 | 35.1 | 333 | 324 | 325 | 47.5 | ||||||
310 | 87 | 606 | 35.4 | 336 | 327 | 328 | 47.8 | ||||||
312 | 87 | 608 | 35.7 | 338 | 330 | 331 | 48.2 | ||||||
314 | 88 | 610 | 35.9 | 341 | 332 | 333 | 48.5 | ||||||
316 | 89 | 612 | 36.2 | 344 | 335 | 336 | 48.8 | ||||||
318 | 90 | 614 | 36.5 | 346 | 338 | 339 | 49.1 | ||||||
320 | 90 | 616 | 36.8 | 349 | 340 | 341 | 49.4 | ||||||
322 | 91 | 618 | 37.1 | 352 | 343 | 344 | 49.7 | ||||||
324 | 92 | 620 | 37.4 | 355 | 346 | 346 | 50.1 | ||||||
326 | 93 | 622 | 37.6 | 357 | 349 | 349 | 50.4 | ||||||
328 | 94 | 624 | 37.9 | 360 | 351 | 352 | 50.7 | ||||||
330 | 94 | 626 | 38.2 | 363 | 354 | 355 | 51 | ||||||
332 | 95 | 628 | 38.5 | 366 | 357 | 357 | 51.3 | ||||||
334 | 96 | 630 | 38.7 | 369 | 360 | 360 | 51.7 | ||||||
336 | 97 | 632 | 39 | 372 | 363 | 363 | 52 | ||||||
338 | 98 | 634 | 39.3 | 375 | 366 | 366 | 52.3 | ||||||
340 | 99 | 636 | 39.6 | 377 | 369 | 369 | 52.6 | ||||||
342 | 100 | 638 | 39.8 | 380 | 371 | 371 | 52.9 | ||||||
344 | 101 | 640 | 40.1 | 383 | 374 | 374 | 53.3 | ||||||
346 | 101 | 642 | 40.4 | 386 | 377 | 377 | 53.6 | ||||||
348 | 102 | 644 | 40.7 | 389 | 380 | 380 | 53.9 | ||||||
350 | 59.6 | 103 | 646 | 40.9 | 392 | 383 | 383 | 54.2 | |||||
352 | 60.3 | 104 | 648 | 41.2 | 395 | 386 | 386 | 54.6 | |||||
354 | 61 | 105 | 650 | 41.5 | 398 | 389 | 389 | 54.9 | |||||
356 | 61.7 | 106 | 652 | 41.7 | 401 | 392 | 392 | 55.2 | |||||
358 | 62.4 | 107 | 654 | 42 | 404 | 395 | 395 | 55.6 | |||||
360 | 63.1 | 108 | 656 | 42.3 | 407 | 398 | 398 | 55.8 | |||||
362 | 63.8 | 109 | 658 | 42.6 | 411 | 401 | 401 | 56.2 | |||||
364 | 64.5 | 110 | 660 | 42.8 | 414 | 404 | 404 | 56.5 | |||||
366 | 65.1 | 111 | 662 | 43.1 | 417 | 407 | 407 | 56.9 | |||||
368 | 65.8 | 112 | 664 | 43.4 | 420 | 410 | 410 | 57.2 | |||||
370 | 66.4 | 114 | 666 | 43.6 | 423 | 413 | 413 | 57.5 | |||||
372 | 67 | 115 | 668 | 43.9 | 426 | 417 | 417 | 57.9 | |||||
374 | 67.7 | 116 | 670 | 44.1 | 429 | 420 | 420 | 58.2 | |||||
376 | 68.3 | 117 | 672 | 44.4 | 433 | 423 | 423 | 58.5 | |||||
378 | 68.9 | 118 | 674 | 44.7 | 436 | 426 | 426 | 58.9 | |||||
380 | 69.5 | 119 | 676 | 44.9 | 439 | 429 | 429 | 59.2 | |||||
382 | 70.1 | 120 | 678 | 45.2 | 442 | 432 | 432 | 59.5 | |||||
384 | 70.6 | 121 | 680 | 45.5 | 446 | 435 | 435 | 59.9 | |||||
386 | 71.2 | 123 | 682 | 45.7 | 449 | 439 | 439 | 60.2 | |||||
388 | 71.8 | 124 | 684 | 46 | 452 | 442 | 442 | 60.5 | |||||
390 | 72.3 | 125 | 686 | 46.2 | 456 | 445 | 445 | 60.9 | |||||
392 | 72.9 | 126 | 688 | 46.5 | 459 | 448 | 448 | 61.2 | |||||
394 | 73.4 | 127 | 690 | 46.8 | 463 | 451 | 451 | 61.6 | |||||
396 | 74 | 129 | 692 | 47 | 466 | 455 | 455 | 61.9 | |||||
398 | 74.5 | 130 | 694 | 47.3 | 469 | 458 | 458 | 62.2 | |||||
400 | 75 | 131 | 142 | 696 | 47.5 | 473 | 461 | 461 | 62.6 | ||||
402 | 75.5 | 133 | 144 | 698 | 47.8 | 476 | 465 | 465 | 62.9 | ||||
404 | 76 | 134 | 145 | 700 | 48 | 480 | 468 | 468 | 63.3 | ||||
406 | 76.5 | 135 | 147 | 702 | 48.3 | 483 | 471 | 471 | 63.6 | ||||
408 | 77 | 136 | 149 | 704 | 48.6 | 487 | 474 | 474 | 64 | ||||
410 | 77.5 | 138 | 150 | 706 | 48.8 | 491 | 478 | 478 | 64.3 | ||||
412 | 78 | 139 | 152 | 708 | 49.1 | 494 | 481 | 481 | 64.6 | ||||
414 | 78.4 | 141 | 153 | 710 | 49.3 | 498 | 485 | 485 | 65 | ||||
416 | 78.9 | 142 | 155 | 712 | 49.6 | 501 | 488 | 488 | 65.3 | ||||
418 | 79.3 | 143 | 156 | 714 | 49.8 | 505 | 491 | 491 | 65.7 | ||||
420 | 79.8 | 145 | 140 | 157 | 716 | 50.1 | 509 | 495 | 495 | 66 | |||
422 | 80.2 | 146 | 141 | 159 | 718 | 50.3 | 513 | 498 | 498 | 66.4 | |||
424 | 80.7 | 148 | 143 | 160 | 720 | 50.6 | 516 | 502 | 502 | 66.7 | |||
426 | 81.1 | 149 | 144 | 162 | 722 | 50.8 | 520 | 505 | 505 | 67.1 | |||
428 | 81.5 | 151 | 145 | 163 | 724 | 51.1 | 524 | 508 | 508 | 67.4 | |||
430 | 81.9 | 152 | 147 | 165 | 726 | 51.3 | 528 | 512 | 512 | 67.8 | |||
432 | 82.4 | 154 | 148 | 166 | 728 | 51.6 | 532 | 515 | 515 | 68.2 | |||
434 | 82.8 | 155 | 150 | 168 | 730 | 51.8 | 535 | 519 | 519 | 68.5 | |||
436 | 83.2 | 157 | 151 | 169 | 732 | 52.1 | 539 | 522 | 522 | 68.9 | |||
438 | 83.6 | 158 | 153 | 171 | 734 | 52.3 | 543 | 526 | 526 | 69.2 | |||
440 | 84 | 160 | 154 | 172 | 736 | 52.6 | 547 | 529 | 529 | 69.6 | |||
442 | 84.4 | 161 | 156 | 174 | 738 | 52.8 | 551 | 533 | 533 | 69.9 | |||
444 | 84.8 | 163 | 157 | 175 | 740 | 53.1 | 555 | 536 | 536 | 70.3 | |||
446 | 85.1 | 164 | 159 | 176 | 742 | 53.3 | 559 | 540 | 540 | 70.7 | |||
448 | 85.5 | 166 | 160 | 178 | 744 | 53.6 | 563 | 543 | 543 | 71 | |||
450 | 85.9 | 168 | 162 | 179 | 746 | 53.8 | 568 | 547 | 547 | 71.4 | |||
452 | 86.3 | 169 | 164 | 181 | 748 | 54.1 | 572 | 551 | 551 | 71.8 | |||
454 | 86.6 | 171 | 165 | 182 | 750 | 54.3 | 576 | 554 | 554 | 72.1 | |||
456 | 87 | 173 | 167 | 184 | 752 | 54.5 | 580 | 558 | 558 | 72.5 | |||
458 | 87.4 | 174 | 168 | 185 | 754 | 54.8 | 584 | 561 | 561 | 72.9 | |||
460 | 87.7 | 176 | 170 | 187 | 26.4 | 756 | 55 | 589 | 565 | 565 | 73.2 | ||
462 | 88.1 | 178 | 172 | 188 | 26.7 | 758 | 55.3 | 593 | 569 | 569 | 73.6 | ||
464 | 88.5 | 179 | 173 | 190 | 27 | 760 | 55.5 | 597 | 572 | 572 | 74 | ||
466 | 88.8 | 181 | 175 | 191 | 27.3 | 762 | 55.7 | 602 | 576 | 576 | 74.3 | ||
468 | 89.2 | 183 | 177 | 193 | 27.6 | 764 | 56 | 606 | 580 | 580 | 74.7 | ||
470 | 89.5 | 185 | 178 | 194 | 27.9 | 766 | 56.2 | 610 | 583 | 583 | 75.1 | ||
472 | 89.9 | 186 | 180 | 196 | 28.2 | 768 | 56.5 | 615 | 587 | 587 | 75.5 | ||
474 | 90.3 | 188 | 182 | 197 | 28.5 | 770 | 56.7 | 619 | 591 | 591 | 75.8 | ||
476 | 90.6 | 190 | 184 | 198 | 28.8 | 772 | 56.9 | 624 | 594 | 594 | 76.2 | ||
478 | 91 | 192 | 185 | 200 | 29.1 | 774 | 57.2 | 628 | 598 | 598 | 76.6 | ||
480 | 91.3 | 194 | 187 | 202 | 29.4 | 776 | 57.4 | 633 | 602 | 602 | 77 | ||
482 | 91.7 | 195 | 189 | 203 | 29.7 | 778 | 57.6 | 638 | 605 | 605 | 77.4 | ||
484 | 92.1 | 197 | 191 | 205 | 30 | 780 | 57.9 | 642 | 609 | 609 | 77.7 | ||
486 | 92.4 | 199 | 192 | 206 | 30.3 | 782 | 58.1 | 647 | 613 | 613 | 78.1 | ||
488 | 92.8 | 201 | 194 | 208 | 30.6 | 784 | 58.3 | 652 | 617 | 617 | 78.5 | ||
490 | 93.1 | 203 | 196 | 209 | 30.9 | 786 | 58.6 | 657 | 620 | 620 | 78.9 | ||
492 | 93.5 | 205 | 198 | 211 | 31.2 | 788 | 58.8 | 662 | 624 | 624 | 79.3 | ||
494 | 93.9 | 207 | 200 | 212 | 31.5 | 790 | 59 | 666 | 628 | 628 | 79.7 | ||
496 | 94.3 | 209 | 202 | 214 | 31.7 | 792 | 59.2 | 671 | 632 | 632 | 80.1 | ||
498 | 94.6 | 211 | 204 | 215 | 32 | 794 | 59.5 | 676 | 635 | 635 | 80.5 | ||
500 | 95 | 213 | 205 | 217 | 32.2 | 796 | 59.7 | 681 | 639 | 639 | 80.9 | ||
502 | 95.4 | 215 | 207 | 219 | 32.5 | 798 | 59.9 | 686 | 643 | 643 | 81.2 | ||
504 | 95.8 | 217 | 209 | 220 | 32.8 | 800 | 60.1 | 691 | 647 | 647 | 81.6 | ||
506 | 96.2 | 219 | 211 | 222 | 33.1 | 802 | 60.4 | 697 | 651 | 651 | 82 | ||
508 | 96.6 | 221 | 213 | 224 | 33.3 | 804 | 60.6 | 702 | 82.4 | ||||
510 | 19.8 | 97 | 223 | 215 | 225 | 33.6 | 806 | 60.8 | 707 | 82.8 | |||
512 | 20.2 | 97.4 | 225 | 217 | 227 | 33.9 | 808 | 61 | 712 | 83.2 | |||
514 | 20.6 | 97.9 | 227 | 219 | 229 | 34.2 | 810 | 61.2 | 718 | 83.7 | |||
516 | 21 | 98.3 | 229 | 221 | 230 | 34.4 | 812 | 61.4 | 723 | 84.1 | |||
518 | 21.3 | 98.7 | 231 | 223 | 232 | 34.7 | 814 | 61.7 | 728 | 84.5 | |||
520 | 21.7 | 99.2 | 233 | 225 | 234 | 35 | 816 | 61.9 | 734 | 84.9 | |||
522 | 22 | 99.6 | 235 | 227 | 235 | 35.3 | 818 | 62.1 | 739 | 85.3 | |||
524 | 22.4 | 237 | 229 | 237 | 35.6 | 820 | 62.3 | 745 | 85.7 | ||||
526 | 22.8 | 239 | 231 | 239 | 35.8 | 822 | 62.5 | 750 | 86.1 | ||||
528 | 23.1 | 241 | 234 | 241 | 36.1 | 824 | 62.7 | 756 | 86.5 | ||||
530 | 23.5 | 244 | 236 | 242 | 36.4 | 826 | 62.9 | 762 | 87 | ||||
532 | 23.8 | 246 | 238 | 244 | 36.7 | 828 | 63.1 | 768 | 87.4 | ||||
534 | 24.1 | 248 | 240 | 246 | 37 | 830 | 63.3 | 773 | 87.8 | ||||
536 | 24.5 | 250 | 242 | 248 | 37.3 | 832 | 63.5 | 779 | 88.2 | ||||
538 | 24.8 | 252 | 244 | 250 | 37.6 | 834 | 63.7 | 785 | 88.6 | ||||
540 | 25.2 | 255 | 246 | 252 | 37.9 | 836 | 63.9 | 791 | 89.1 | ||||
542 | 25.5 | 257 | 249 | 254 | 38.1 | 838 | 64.1 | 797 | 89.5 | ||||
544 | 25.8 | 259 | 251 | 256 | 38.4 | 840 | 64.3 | 803 | 89.9 | ||||
546 | 26.2 | 261 | 253 | 258 | 38.7 | 842 | 64.5 | 809 | 90.4 | ||||
548 | 26.5 | 264 | 255 | 259 | 39 | 844 | 64.7 | 816 | 90.8 | ||||
550 | 26.8 | 266 | 258 | 261 | 39.3 | 846 | 64.9 | 822 | 91.2 | ||||
552 | 27.1 | 268 | 262 | 263 | 39.6 | 848 | 65.1 | 828 | 91.7 | ||||
554 | 27.5 | 270 | 262 | 265 | 39.9 | 850 | 65.3 | 835 | 92.1 | ||||
556 | 27.8 | 273 | 265 | 268 | 40.2 | 852 | 65.4 | 841 | 92.6 | ||||
558 | 28.1 | 275 | 267 | 270 | 40.5 | 854 | 65.6 | 848 | 93 | ||||
560 | 28.4 | 278 | 269 | 272 | 40.8 | 856 | 65.8 | 854 | 93.5 | ||||
562 | 28.8 | 280 | 272 | 274 | 41.1 | 858 | 66 | 861 | 93.9 | ||||
564 | 29.1 | 282 | 274 | 276 | 41.4 | 860 | 66.2 | 867 | 94.4 | ||||
566 | 29.4 | 285 | 276 | 278 | 41.7 | 862 | 66.3 | 874 | 94.8 | ||||
568 | 29.7 | 287 | 279 | 280 | 42 | 864 | 66.5 | 881 | 95.3 | ||||
570 | 30 | 290 | 281 | 282 | 42.3 | 866 | 66.7 | 888 | 95.7 | ||||
572 | 30.3 | 292 | 283 | 285 | 42.6 | 868 | 66.8 | 895 | 96.2 | ||||
574 | 30.6 | 294 | 286 | 287 | 42.9 | 870 | 67 | 902 | 96.7 | ||||
576 | 30.9 | 297 | 288 | 289 | 43.2 | 872 | 67.2 | 909 | 97.1 | ||||
578 | 31.2 | 299 | 291 | 292 | 43.5 | 874 | 67.3 | 916 | 97.6 | ||||
580 | 31.5 | 302 | 293 | 294 | 43.8 | 876 | 67.5 | 923 | 98.1 | ||||
582 | 31.8 | 304 | 296 | 296 | 44.1 | 878 | 67.6 | 931 | 98.6 | ||||
584 | 32.1 | 307 | 298 | 299 | 44.4 | 880 | 67.8 | 938 | 99 | ||||
586 | 32.4 | 309 | 301 | 301 | 44.7 | 882 | 68 | 946 | 99.5 | ||||
588 | 32.7 | 312 | 303 | 304 | 45 | 884 | 68.1 | 953 | |||||
590 | 33 | 315 | 306 | 308 | 45.4 | 886 | 68.2 | 961 | |||||
592 | 33.3 | 317 | 308 | 310 | 45.7 | 888 | 68.4 | 968 | |||||
594 | 33.6 | 320 | 311 | 313 | 46 | 890 | 68.5 | 976 |